diff --git a/docs/math/abstract-algebra/16-rings.md b/docs/math/abstract-algebra/16-rings.md index 8e20e3f..3112314 100644 --- a/docs/math/abstract-algebra/16-rings.md +++ b/docs/math/abstract-algebra/16-rings.md @@ -54,29 +54,29 @@ Note that some books impose the condition that $1 \neq 0$. If $1 = 0$, we can sh ## Section 16.3 - Ring Homomorphisms and Ideals -**Definition** Given rins $R$ and $S$, and a mapping $\phi: R \rightarrow S$, we say that $\phi$ is a *ring homomorphism* if the following are satisfied for all elements of $R$: +**Definition** Given rins $R$ and $S$, and a mapping $\varphi: R \rightarrow S$, we say that $\varphi$ is a *ring homomorphism* if the following are satisfied for all elements of $R$: $$ \begin{align} - \phi(a + b) &= \phi(a) + \phi(b) \\ - \phi(ab) &= \phi(a) \phi(b) + \varphi(a + b) &= \varphi(a) + \varphi(b) \\ + \varphi(ab) &= \varphi(a) \varphi(b) \end{align} $$ -**Definition**. If $\phi$ is one-to-one and onto, it is an *isomorphism*. +**Definition**. If $\varphi$ is one-to-one and onto, it is an *isomorphism*. -**Definition**. For any ring homomorphism $\phi$, the *kernel* of $\phi$ is the set +**Definition**. For any ring homomorphism $\varphi$, the *kernel* of $\varphi$ is the set $$ -\ker \phi = \{ r \in R | \phi(r) = 0 \} +\ker \varphi = \{ r \in R | \varphi(r) = 0 \} $$ -**Definition**. Proposition 16.22: Let $\phi: R \rightarrow S$ be a ring homomorphism. Then, +**Definition**. Proposition 16.22: Let $\varphi: R \rightarrow S$ be a ring homomorphism. Then, -1. If $R$ is a commutative ring, then $\phi(R) \subseteq S$ is a commutative ring. -2. $\phi(0_R) = 0_S$ -3. Let $1_R$ and $1_S$ be the identities in $R$ and $S$. If $\phi$ is onto, then $\phi(1_R) = 1_S$ -4. If $R$ is a field an $\phi(R) \neq \{0\}$, then $\phi(R) \subseteq S$ is a field. +1. If $R$ is a commutative ring, then $\varphi(R) \subseteq S$ is a commutative ring. +2. $\varphi(0_R) = 0_S$ +3. Let $1_R$ and $1_S$ be the identities in $R$ and $S$. If $\varphi$ is onto, then $\varphi(1_R) = 1_S$ +4. If $R$ is a field an $\varphi(R) \neq \{0\}$, then $\varphi(R) \subseteq S$ is a field. **Definition**. A subring $I \subseteq R$ is asn *ideal* of $R$ if, when given $a \in I, r \in R$, then $ar$ and $ra$ are both in $I$. That is, $rI \subseteq I$ and $Ir \subseteq I$. @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ is an ideal in $R$. Specifically, $\langle a \rangle$ is a *principal ideal*. **Example**. Theorem 16.25. Every ideal in $\mathbb{Z}$ is a principal ideal. -**Examplee**. With $\phi: R \rightarrow S$, $\ker \phi$ is an ideal of $R$. +**Examplee**. With $\varphi: R \rightarrow S$, $\ker \varphi$ is an ideal of $R$. **Remark**. 16.28: We are working with *two-sided ideals*. If rings are not commutative, we may deal with *left ideals* and *right ideals*. @@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ $$ (r + I)(s + I) = rs + I $$ -**Theorem**. 16.30: Let $I$ be an ideal of $R$. Then, the map $\phi: R \rightarrow R/I$ defined by $\phi(r) = r + I$ is a ring homomorphism of $R$ onto $R/I$ with $\ker \phi = I$. +**Theorem**. 16.30: Let $I$ be an ideal of $R$. Then, the map $\varphi: R \rightarrow R/I$ defined by $\varphi(r) = r + I$ is a ring homomorphism of $R$ onto $R/I$ with $\ker \varphi = I$. -**Theorem**. 16.31, *First Isomorphism Theorem*. Let $\psi: R \rightarrow S$. Then, $\ker \psi$ is an ideal of $R$. Consider the isomorphism $\phi: R \rightarrow R/\ker \psi$. There exists an isomorphism $\eta: R / \ker \psi \rightarrow \psi(R)$ such that $\psi = \eta \phi$. +**Theorem**. 16.31, *First Isomorphism Theorem*. Let $\psi: R \rightarrow S$. Then, $\ker \psi$ is an ideal of $R$. Consider the isomorphism $\varphi: R \rightarrow R/\ker \psi$. There exists an isomorphism $\eta: R / \ker \psi \rightarrow \psi(R)$ such that $\psi = \eta \varphi$. **Theorem**. 16.32, *Second Isomorphism Theorem*. Let $I$ be a subring of $R$ and $J$ be an ideal of $R$. Then, $I \cap J$ is an ideal of $I$ and diff --git a/docs/math/abstract-algebra/17-polynomial-rings.md b/docs/math/abstract-algebra/17-polynomial-rings.md index c9c7c85..2f30167 100644 --- a/docs/math/abstract-algebra/17-polynomial-rings.md +++ b/docs/math/abstract-algebra/17-polynomial-rings.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Two polynomials are equal if and only if their corresponding coefficients are eq **Definition**. The *ring of polynomials with $n$ indeterminates and coefficients in $R$* is defined as $R[x_1][x_2][\ldots][x_n] = R[x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n]$. -**Definition**. The *evaluation homomorphism* is the homomorphism $\phi: R[x] \rightarrow R$ defined as $\phi(p(x)) = p(\alpha)$ for some $\alpha \in R$. +**Definition**. The *evaluation homomorphism* is the homomorphism $\varphi: R[x] \rightarrow R$ defined as $\varphi(p(x)) = p(\alpha)$ for some $\alpha \in R$. ## Section 17.2 - The Division Algorithm