diff --git a/docs/math/real-analysis/11-metric-spaces.md b/docs/math/real-analysis/11-metric-spaces.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f17aac --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/math/real-analysis/11-metric-spaces.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +# Chapter 11 - Metric Spaces + +## Section 11.4 - Netric Spaces + +**Definition**. A *metric* on set $S$ is a function $d: S \otimes S \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ that satifies the following properties for all $x, y, z \in S$, + +- $d(x, y) \geq 0$ +- $d(x, y) = 0 \; \text{ if and only if } x = y$ +- $d(x, y) = d(y, x)$ +- $d(x, y) \leq d(x, z) + d(z, y)$ + +**Definition**. A *metric space* $(S, d)$ is a set $S$, with elements called *points*, together with a metric $d$. + +**Definition**. With metric space $(S, d)$, if $A \subset S$, then $(A, d)$ is a *subspace* of $(S, d)$. + +**Definition**. The *discrete metric* is provided by + +$$ +d(x, y) = \begin{cases} + 0 \; \text{ if } x = y \\ + 1 \; \text{ if } x \neq y +\end{cases} +$$ + +--- + +**Definition**. Let $(S, d)$ be a metric space. Then, for each $\epsilon > 0$, the *$\epsilon$-neighborhood* or *$\epsilon$-ball* of a point $a \in S$ is the set + +$$ +V_\epsilon(a) = {x \in S | d(a, x) < \epsilon} +$$ + +**Definition**. Let $(S, d)$ be a metric space. Then, a subset $G \subseteq S$ is *open* if for each $x \in G$, there exists some $\epsilon > 0$ so that $V_\epsilon(x) \subseteq G$. + +**Definition**. Let $(S, d)$ be a metric space. Then, a subset $G \subseteq S$ is *closed* if its complement $C(G) = S - G = S \ F$ is closed. + +**Definition**. Let $(S, d)$ be a metric space. A point $c \in S$ is a *cluster point$ of a set $A \subseteq S$ if every $\epsilon$-neighborhood of $c$ contains some point $a \in A$ such that $a \neq c$. + +**Theorem**. Every $\epsilon$-neighborhood of a point is an open set. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/math/real-analysis/4-limits.md b/docs/math/real-analysis/4-limits.md index 67f06e2..c4d2b6d 100644 --- a/docs/math/real-analysis/4-limits.md +++ b/docs/math/real-analysis/4-limits.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ **Definition**. Suppose $f: A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is a function with domain $A \subseteq \mathbb{R}$, and let $c \in A$ be a cluster point of $A$. then, a real number $L$ is a *limit of $f$ at $c$* if goven any $\epsilon > 0$, there exists some $\delta > 0$ such that $$ -0 < |x-c| < \delta \Rightarrrow |f(x) - L| < \epsilon +0 < |x-c| < \delta \Rightarrow |f(x) - L| < \epsilon $$ **Therorem**. For a given function and cluster point, there can be at most one limit at said point. @@ -30,12 +30,52 @@ $$ --- -**Definition**. The *extended real numbers aree $\hat{\mathbb{R}} = \mathbb{R} \cup \{ \inftyy, -\infty \}$ are a totally-ordered set witth supremum and infimum. Note that this set is no longer a field. +**Definition**. The *extended real numbers* are $\hat{\mathbb{R}} = \mathbb{R} \cup \{ \infty, -\infty \}$ are a totally-ordered set witth supremum and infimum. Note that this set is no longer a field. **Definition**. At any point $c$, the limitt of $f$ at $c$ is infinite if given some $\alpha$, there exists some $V_\delta(c)$ such that forr all $x \in V_\epsilon(c)$, then $f(x) \in V_\alpha(\infty)$. -**Definition**. The limit of a function at infinity is defined if for a given $\epsilon$, there ixists some $\alpha$ so that there exists some $V_\delta(c)$ such that for all $x \in A$, +**Definition**. The limit of a function at infinity is defined if for a given $\epsilon$, there exists some $\alpha$ so that there exists some $V_\delta(c)$ such that for all $x \in A$, $$ x > \alpha \Rightarrow |f(x) - L| < \epsilon $$ + +## Section 4.2 - Limit Theorems + +**Definition**. Let $A \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ and $c \in \mathbb{R}$ be a cluster point of $A$. Then, a function $f: A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is *bounded on a neighborhood of $c$* if there exists some $\delta$-neighborhood $V_\delta(c)$ of $c$ and some constant $M > 0$ such that for all $x \in A \cap V_\delta(c)$, then $|f(x)| \leq M$. + +**Theorem**. If $A \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ and $f: A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ has a finite limit at $c \in \mathbb{R}$, then $f$ is bounded on some neighborhood of $c$. + +**Theorem**. With $A \subseteq \mathbb{R}$, and $f, g: A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, with $c \in \mathbb{R}$ a cluster point of $A$, then if $\lim_{x \rightarrow c} f(x) = L$ and $\lim_{x \rightarrow c} g(x) = M$, then: + +$$\lim_{x \rightarrow c} (f(x) + g(x)) = L + M$$ + +$$\lim_{x \rightarrow c} (f(x)g(x)) = LM$$ + +Additionally, if $g(x) \neq 0$ for all $x \in A$, and $M \neq 0$, then + +$$ +\lim_{x \rightarrow c} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \frac{L}{M} +$$ + +**Collary**. If $p, q \in \mathbb{R}[x]$, and $q(c) \neq 0$ for some $c \in \mathbb{R}$, then + +$$ +\lim_{x \rightarrow c} p(x) = p(c) +$$ + +$$ +\lim_{x \rightarrow c} \frac{p(x)}{q(x)} = \frac{p(c)}{q(c)} +$$ + +**Theorem**. Squeeze Theorem. Let $A \subseteq \mathbb{R}$. Then, if $f, g, h: A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ and with $c \in \mathbb{R}$ being a cluster point of $A$, then if both + +$$ +\lim_{x \rightarrow c} f(x) = \lim_{x \rightarrow c} h(x) = L +$$ + +$$ +f(x) \leq g(x) \leq h(x) \; \text{ for all } x \in A, x \neq c +$$ + +Then, $\lim_{x \rightarrow c} g(x) = L$. \ No newline at end of file