diff --git a/docs/physics/thermal/1-energy.md b/docs/physics/thermal/1-energy.md index 2648075..30d45ca 100644 --- a/docs/physics/thermal/1-energy.md +++ b/docs/physics/thermal/1-energy.md @@ -167,3 +167,27 @@ For an ideal gas, at constant pressurre, $$(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T})_P = \frac{\partial}{\partial T} (\frac{NkT}{P}) = \frac{Nk}{P}$$ So, $C_P = C_V + Nk = C_V + nR$. + +--- + +There are times when heat can be added without increasing the temperature at all, such as during a *phase transformation*. Then, + +**Definition**. The *latent heat* $L$ of an object is the energy required to melt or boil a substance completely. We can also define *specific latent heat* $l$ as + +$$l = \frac{L}{m} = \frac{Q}{m}$$ + +Note that during this, we assume the pressure is constant and no other work is done aside from constant-pressure volume change. Additionally, the latent heat for freezing and boiling does not have to be (and almost never is) equal. + + **Definition**. We define *enthalpy*, $H$, as the total energy needed to create any given system out of nothing in a set environment, and is defined as + + $$H = U + PV$$ + + This can also be interpreted as the maximum possible energy extracted from annihilating the system, consisting of the system's internal energy $U$ and the work $PV$ done by the atmosphere to fill its absence. + + In a system, if the pressure is held constant, we see that $\Delta H = \Delta U + P \Delta V$. Thus, enthalpy can only increase due to expansion or internal energy changes. From the First Law of Thermodynamics, $\Delta H = Q + W_{other}$ if pressure is constant. Notably, the change in enthalpy per degree of temperature at a constant pressure is the same as the heat capacity at constant pressure $C_P$. + + **Definition**. The *Enthalpy of Formation* is the energy needed to create a compound or undergo a phase transition from base constituents in their most stable states. + +## Section 1.7 - Rates of Processes + +Skipped. \ No newline at end of file