diff --git a/docs/physics/thermal/1-energy.md b/docs/physics/thermal/1-energy.md index 0b8653d..2648075 100644 --- a/docs/physics/thermal/1-energy.md +++ b/docs/physics/thermal/1-energy.md @@ -139,3 +139,31 @@ Consider a piston with a compressable gas. In tthis case, with $\Delta x$ positi We know that the force exerted by the piston is equal to the pressure times the area. Thus, $W = P A \Delta x$. But $A\Delta x$ is just volume (in this case, negative, as volume is decreasing). So, $W = -P \Delta V$. However, this assumes constant pressure. For a non-constant perssure, $P(V)$, we know that $W = \int F dx = - \int P(V) dV$. + +## Section 1.6 - Heat Capacity + +**Definition**. The *heat capacity* $C = Q / \Delta T$ of an object is the energy required to raise its temperaature by one degree. + +**Definition**. The *specific heat capacity* $c = C / m = C / (m \Delta T)$ is the energy needed to raise a substance by one degree per unit mass. + +In a system, we can note thaht + +$$$C = \frac{Q}{\Delta T} = \frac{\Delta U - W}{\Delta T}$$ + +Consider the case in which volume is constant. Under these circumstances, we can calculate the *heat capacity at constant volume*, and as volume does not change, $W = 0$, so + +$$C_V = (\frac{\Delta U}{\Delta T})_V = (\frac{\partial U}{\partial T})_V$$ + +In the case where pressure is constant instead, we see that the *heat capacity at constant pressurue* is defined as + +$$C_P = (\frac{\Delta U}{\Delta T})_V = (\frac{\Delta U - (- P \Delta V)}{\Delta T})_P = (\frac{\partial U}{\partial T})_P + P (\frac{\partial V}{\partial T})_P$$ + +Knowing that $U = \frac{1}{2}NfkT$, we can see that $C_V = \frac{NfK}{2}$. + +**Theorem**. The *Rule of Dulong and Pitt* states that in solids, $f = 6$, so the heat capacity per mole is $3R$. In reality, all degrees of freedom freeze out as $T$ approaches $0$, so $C$ approaches $0$. + +For an ideal gas, at constant pressurre, + +$$(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T})_P = \frac{\partial}{\partial T} (\frac{NkT}{P}) = \frac{Nk}{P}$$ + +So, $C_P = C_V + Nk = C_V + nR$. diff --git a/statics/physics/thermal/reading-assignments/Reading Assignment 3.rnote b/statics/physics/thermal/reading-assignments/Reading Assignment 3.rnote new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fb145f Binary files /dev/null and b/statics/physics/thermal/reading-assignments/Reading Assignment 3.rnote differ