Definition Punctuation

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Nathan Nguyen
2025-02-09 22:37:28 -06:00
parent fdafcb0009
commit dd06e549b1
8 changed files with 11 additions and 11 deletions

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## Section 16.3 - Ring Homomorphisms and Ideals
**Definition** Given rings $R$ and $S$, and a mapping $\varphi: R \rightarrow S$, we say that $\varphi$ is a *ring homomorphism* if the following are satisfied for all elements of $R$:
**Definition**. Given rings $R$ and $S$, and a mapping $\varphi: R \rightarrow S$, we say that $\varphi$ is a *ring homomorphism* if the following are satisfied for all elements of $R$:
$$
\begin{align}

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## Section 17.3 Irreducible Polynomials
**Definition** A non-constant polynomial $f(x) \ in F[x]$ is *irreducible* over a field $F$ if it cannot be expressed as the product of two non-identity polynomials $g(x)$ and $h(x)$ in $F[x]$, with the degree of both polynomials strictly less than the degree of $f(x)$.
**Definition**. A non-constant polynomial $f(x) \ in F[x]$ is *irreducible* over a field $F$ if it cannot be expressed as the product of two non-identity polynomials $g(x)$ and $h(x)$ in $F[x]$, with the degree of both polynomials strictly less than the degree of $f(x)$.
**Lemma**. Let $p(x) \in \mathbb{Q}[x]$. Then, with $r, s \in \mathbb{Z}, a(x) \in \mathbb{N}[x]$, we can write $p(x) = \frac{r}{s} a(x)$.

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**Theorem**. 18.15: Every PID is a UFD. Note that the converse is not true.
**Corollary** 18.16: Let $F$ be a field. Then, $F[x]$ is a UFD.
**Corollary**. 18.16: Let $F$ be a field. Then, $F[x]$ is a UFD.
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**Remark**. Modules over a field $F$ and vector spaces over $F$ are identical.
**Definition** An *R-submodule* is a subset$N \subseteq M$ which is closed under the action taken forall $r \in R$. That is, given $r \in R, n \in N$, then $rn \in N$. Every module has at least two submodules: itself and the trivial (empty) submodule.
**Definition**. An *R-submodule* is a subset$N \subseteq M$ which is closed under the action taken forall $r \in R$. That is, given $r \in R, n \in N$, then $rn \in N$. Every module has at least two submodules: itself and the trivial (empty) submodule.
**Remark**. If $F$ is a field, submodules are equivalent to subspaces.
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ This direct product is in itself an $R$-module.
**Corollary**. If $F$ is a free $R$-module with basis $A$, then $F \cong F(A)$.
**Definition** For a free module $F$ with basis $A$, if $R$ is commutative, then the *rank* of $F$ is the cardinality of $A$.
**Definition**. For a free module $F$ with basis $A$, if $R$ is commutative, then the *rank* of $F$ is the cardinality of $A$.
## Section 10.4 - Tensor Products of Modules

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This is the *torsion submodule* of $M$. If $\text{Tor}(M)$ is empty, then $M$ is *torsion-free*.
**Definition** Let $R$ be an integral domain and $M$ be an $R$-module. Then, given a submodule $N$,
**Definition**. Let $R$ be an integral domain and $M$ be an $R$-module. Then, given a submodule $N$,
$$
\text{Ann}_R(N) = \{r \in R | rn = 0 \text{ for all } n \in N \}

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\frac{dy}{dt} + p(t)y = g(t)
$$
To find a solution to this differential equation, construct the **integrating factor** $\mu(t)$.
To find a solution to this differential equation, construct the **integrating factor**. $\mu(t)$.
$$\mu(t) = k \exp(\int p(t) dt)$$

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2. $\mathbb{N} \subseteq F^+$
3. If $a \in F^+$, then $\frac{1}{a} \in F^+$
**Definition** The order relation $a > b$ and $b < a$ is defined by $a - b \in F^+$.
**Definition**. The order relation $a > b$ and $b < a$ is defined by $a - b \in F^+$.
**Theorem**. If $a, b, c \in F$, then
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@
2. $|a - b| = |b - a|$
3. $|a - c| \leq |a - b| + |b + c|$
**Definition** A set together with a function satisfying these three properties is known as a *metric space*.
**Definition**. A set together with a function satisfying these three properties is known as a *metric space*.
**Definition** The $\varepsilon$-neighborhood of $a \in \mathbb{R}$, denoted $V_\varepsilon(a)$ is the set of all real numbers $x \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $|x - a| < \varepsilon$. That is,
**Definition**. The $\varepsilon$-neighborhood of $a \in \mathbb{R}$, denoted $V_\varepsilon(a)$ is the set of all real numbers $x \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $|x - a| < \varepsilon$. That is,
$$
V_\varepsilon(a) = (a - \varepsilon, a + \varepsilon)